Establishment and fall of Sindhu Ghati Sabhyata, Characteristics of people, Construction, Artwork, Occupation of people and complete details
Introduction to sindhu ghati sabhyata
We have displayed the complete introduction related to sindhu ghati sabhyata till now below.
Indus Valley is also known by the name Harappa. This civilization is known to be one of the most ancient and advanced civilizations of India and the world. It first developed as an urban civilization. The population of this place was around 5 million. Out of which 30000 people had the most facilities in their homes. Its spread was 1.25 million (12.5 lakh) square kilometers. All its major sites are included in it. During the time of John Marshall, excavation was done here under the leadership of Rai Bahadur Dayaram Sahni.
The construction and architecture here were quite amazing. And Charles Mansern was the first to realize the existence of civilization in this region. The reason for the mud stone is an important factor in considering it a civilization before the Aryans. Which is related to the pre-historic era. Where idol worship is believed to have started from the pre-Aryan period. At present, it has proved very difficult for historians to understand the script of the Indus people. It cannot be read at present. However, the oldest sample of sindhu script was discovered in 1853 AD. Apart from this, the script of Indus was written in the Bustrophedon method. Which means writing from right to left and left to right.
This sindhu ghati sabhyata was known for its city planning. The elevated parts of the canal were called Nagar Durg. However, the Indus people based their town planning system on a grid-mesh system. The biggest building of this place was considered to be Granary. Apart from this, a place in Indus, which is known as Alimurad, is surrounded by a stone wall from all sides.
People of sindhu ghati sabhyata used to bury the dead bodies in three ways when someone died. A statue obtained from Indus depicts a plant coming out of a woman’s womb. Which is the form of Earth Goddess. Even the Indus crop cotton has been called Sindon in Greek literature.
Areas of remains of the sindhu ghati sabhyata
If all the regions related to this civilization are highlighted, then its regions will be seen in Balochistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Although the Indus region extended to the north of India, up to Manda, Jammu and Kashmir. In the south up to Deimabad Maharashtra. In the east up to Alamgirpur Uttar Pradesh. In the west up to Sutkagendor Pakistan. Although its remains were also found in Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat.
At present, the main remains of this civilization are located in Harappa and Mohenjodaro in Pakistan. Although its minimum remains were found in Afghanistan and most of the remains were discovered in India, which are located near the Indus River and its tributaries.
All names and details of Indus Valley Civilization are listed here
Sindhu ghati sabhyata : – This civilization developed near the Indus River. Therefore, this name is mainly used. This name is used more in India.
Harappa Civilization: – Harappa is the initial and main site associated with this civilization. Therefore, it is also known as Harappa Civilization. Indian people often use this word.
Indus Saraswati Civilization : – Most of the scholars address it as Sindhu Saraswati River due to the specialty of Saraswati River.
Indus Civilization : – As a result of the Indus River, it is also mainly called Indus Civilization.
Indus Valley Civilization : – Due to this civilization being recognized at the international level, this name is used in the English language. Which is an indication of people using the English language.
Establishment of Indus Valley
The formation of this civilization shows a complex process. In which many factors are involved.
The main thing was the people of this civilization. Who played an important role in the development of Indus civilization. There was a complex process in the initial phase. In which trade, urbanization, agriculture and culture etc. are shown. Which include systematic implementation etc. The process of its development starts from about 3300 BC. Its time period lasted from 2600 BC to 1900 BC at its peak.
We will study all the areas of which systematically later.
Description of the people of Indus Valley
Even today the customs of Indian society are similar to these people. Silver is one example of this.
Mainly four species of people lived here. These include Mediterranean, Proto Australoid, Mongoloid and Alpine etc. However, Mediterranean people were more predominant.
The Indus people used to perform the last rites of their dead in three ways. Which are as follows.
Complete cremation : – There was a tradition of burying the dead body in the grave.
Partial cremation : – Keeping the dead body in the forest or other places. Under which the dead body is fed to wild animals. And the remaining skeleton is buried in the ground.
Cremation : – The tradition of cremating the body of a person after his death।
The people of the sindhu ghati sabhyata used to worship Mother Goddess and Pashupati. However, the presence of any temple could not be felt here. But the people here also believed in humped bulls and horned animals. Which were considered sacred animals of sindhu and Harappa. Most of the idols here depict priests and Yogis. Which is an indication of the beliefs of the people. The people of Indus were also associated with the symbols of Swastika and Chakra. Which shows the symbol of Surya worship.
However, a large number of statues made of fired clay have been found in Sindh province. These are called terracotta. Which shows different styles of their making. Indus people used a material called alabaster in the making of coins. The Indus people used the 16-digit periodic table as a result of their familiarity with measurement and weight. However, the discovery of scales also proved that the people here were familiar with measurement. Indus people used both vegetarian and non-vegetarian food.
Trade and Business
People living in urban areas of sindhu ghati sabhyata used to do trade and business. Whose import and export was with other countries. Who can be seen as professional people. In which Lajward gem was imported from Badakhshan and Mesopotamia in sindhu ghati sabhyata. Indus people used to import green gem from South Africa. People of sindhu ghati sabhyata used to import Steatite from Iran.
However, some people were of low level categories. Whose residence was in villages and rural areas. Whose main work includes farming and grazing animals etc. Where people living in villages can be seen below poverty line.
However, there was a center of residence of different societies among Indus people. Which included goldsmiths, pottery makers, wood workers, artisans, professional brick makers etc. Where the reason for the development of sindhu ghati sabhyata. Defines the important role of people of all classes.
Construction and artwork of Indus Valley
These people had a very developed intelligence in construction works. They used baked bricks in house construction. The ratio of bricks used in the construction of sindhu ghati sabhyata used to be 4:2:1. The Indus people used baked bricks on both sides of the roads and drains. This is evident by looking at them. They also played an important role in the construction sector. The people here used gypsum with clay mortar for joining. However, brick wall masonry etc. is also included.
The construction and artwork done by the people here is considered to be quite amazing. He executed the plan of having long drains paved with bricks on both sides of the road. However, they also contributed their best in the development project of the entire city. Mainly, these people used bricks to build houses.
Decline of the Indus Valley
The reason for the fall of sindhu ghati sabhyata is shown below.
The reason for the fall of Indus is considered to be geological changes. However, according to the research of Gordon Childe Wheeler, the fall of Indus was caused by the invasion of Aryans. Even Aurel Stein and Amalananda Ghosh have considered climate change as the main reason for the fall of this civilization. According to John Marshall, administrative laxity has been considered the reason for the fall of Indus.
According to all the researchers and other professionals given above, the reason for the fall of Indus Valley Civilization has been told. However, the main reason for its fall could not be revealed.
Features related to sindhu ghati sabhyata
Till date, iron-based metals have not been found in the sindhu ghati sabhyata.
The most popular shape of their seals was square.
The availability of silver in India dates back to the Harappan civilization.
The Banawali of the Indus Valley lacked a well-organized drainage system.
The Banawali site is located in the valleys of Ghaggar and its tributaries.
Sindhu Alamgirpur is presently located on the banks of the Hindon River.
A circular fire pit and two copper chisels were found at the Sanghol site in Punjab.
There is a site called Dadheri in Punjab. However, this site is a Harappan period archaeological site.
Kotdiji is the site where evidence of a house based on a stone foundation was found.
There is a Harappan site named Sukkur in Sindh, Pakistan, which used to be a huge center of the stone industry.
Stuart Piggot called Harappa and Mohenjodaro twin capitals.
In the 7th century, people of Punjab were digging the land in the sindhu ghati sabhyata. Then during the excavation, they found readymade bricks under the ground. Seeing them, these people became very happy and considered it a miracle of God. And they started using these bricks for building their houses. However, those people probably did not know that the remains of an age-old civilization are buried under this very land.
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